固态发酵在真菌除草剂规模化生产中的应用及展望

本文就固态发酵在真菌除草剂规模化生产中的应用现状、实例及如何控制发酵条件进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

以玉米为基质的灵芝固体发酵条件优化

研究了以玉米为基质的灵芝固体发酵,通过单因素和正交试验对工艺条件进行了优化,在测定菌质多糖含量的同时,测定了菌质中还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸的含量。结果表明:玉米粒度、菌种、接种量、发酵温度和时间对基料中菌质多糖的产生及主要成分含量有显著影响,发酵条件优化结果为10目大小的玉米基料,接入12%液体菌种,28℃发酵20d。经优化后,多糖含量可以达到21.97mg/g,还原糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量也优于其它处理组。     

Carbon and nitrogen degradation on molecular scale of grass-derived pyrogenic organic material during 28 months of incubation in soil

The present study focuses on the microbial recalcitrance of pyrogenic organic material (PyOM) on a molecular scale. We performed microcosm incubation experiments using ¹³C- and ¹⁵N-enriched grass-derived PyOM mixed with a sub soil material taken from a Haplic Cambisol. Solid-state ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR studies were conducted to elucidate the humification processes at different stages of PyOM degradation. The chemical structure of the remaining PyOM after incubation was clearly different from the initial pyrogenic material. The proportion of O-containing functional groups was increased, whereas that of aryl C and of N-containing heterocyclic structures had decreased, probably due to mineralisation and conversion to other C and N groups. After 20 months of incubation the aryl C loss reached up to 40% of the initial amount and up to 29% of the remaining PyOM C was assigned to carboxyl/carbonyl C and O-aryl C. These reactions alter the chemical and physical properties of the char residue and make it more available for further microbial attack but also for adsorption processes. Our study presents direct evidence for the degradation of N-heterocyclic domains in charred plant remains adding new aspects to the understanding of the N cycling in fire-affected ecosystems.     

Soil organic matter in urban soils: Estimation of elemental carbon by thermal oxidation and characterization of organic matter by solid-state C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

To reduce soil destruction by urban sprawl, land use planning has to promote the use of soils within cities. As soil functions are now protected by law in Germany, urban soil quality has to be evaluated before soil management. We studied contributions from elemental carbon (EC) and soil organic matter (SOM) quality in topsoil horizons at seven sites in Stuttgart, Germany, differing in impurities by technogenic substrates. The most disturbed site was found at a disused railway area while high-density areas, public parks and garden areas showed varying degrees of disturbance by anthropogenic activities. For most soils, compounds derived from plant litter dominated organic matter (OM) quality characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Although high contents of EC (up to 70% of soil organic carbon) were indicated by thermal oxidation, this was not confirmed by aromatic C intensities in NMR spectra. Only for the highly aromatic railway soil were results for elemental carbon by thermal oxidation and NMR similar. As other technogenic substrates beside EC like plastics may also contribute in the long-term to OM in urban soils, new analytical techniques are therefore required. This knowledge will promote the evaluation of urban soil properties and their sustainable use.     

混菌固态发酵生物饲料的研究

[目的]探讨混菌固态发酵生物饲料的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以玉米粉、豆粕、酒糟为主要原料,通过混料设计确定主要原料的最佳配比,通过单因素和响应面法对混合菌种发酵温度、发酵时间、接种量、含水量、红糖添加量等因素进行研究。[结果]玉米粉的量66%、豆粕量11%、酒糟量23%、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间48 h、红糖添加量5%、含水量43%、接种量9%。[结论]在该条件下获得生物饲料中菌体数量最高。     

混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养及相关酶系活性的研究

[目的]研究平菇和酵母菌混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件,并探讨基质粗蛋白含量与相关酶系活性的关系。[方法]以酵母种类(酿酒酵母、热带假丝酵母和产朊假丝酵母)、酵母接种量和酵母接种时间为因素设计正交试验,研究了平菇和酵母菌混菌发酵玉米秸秆提高基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件,同时研究了各培养条件组合下木质素酶系、滤纸酶和羧甲基纤维素酶的活性,探讨了基质粗蛋白含量与相关酶系活性的关系。[结果]正交试验结果表明在A3B2C1组合培养条件下发酵基质粗蛋白含量最高,达13.36%;在此发酵条件下,培养的第5～15天漆酶和锰过氧化物酶的活性也最高,而各组合培养条件下基质滤纸酶和羧甲纤维素酶的活性则无规律可循。[结论]混菌固态发酵玉米秸秆基质粗蛋白含量的优化培养条件为:在接种平菇的同时接种10%的产朊假丝酵母液体菌种。木质素酶系的活性与发酵基质的粗蛋白含量可能呈正相关关系。     

用Box-Behnken设计优化纳豆菌NT-6菌株固态发酵生产抗菌脂肽条件

[目的]抗菌脂肽在农业生产、医药和食品领域有广泛的应用前景,高效生产是其产业化应用的关键.采用Box-Behnken实验设计(BBD)对纳豆菌NT-6菌株固态发酵产抗菌脂肽的条件进行优化.[方法]通过Box-Behnken实验设计对麸皮与豆粕的比例、发酵温度、发酵时间、培养基含水量、接种量、无机盐等条件进行优化.[结果]得到最适固态发酵条件是:10 g固体基质(麸皮7 g、豆粕3 g)、加入适当的无机盐(0.67％的葡萄糖、0.64％的谷氨酸钠、0.15％的硫酸胺、0.10％的磷酸氢二钾)、123.78％含水量、10％接种量、36.75℃、发酵72.4 h,在此条件下,所得抗菌脂肽产量为61.76 mg/g.[结论]利用麸皮和豆粕等基质,采用Box-Behnken试验设计可以高效优化脂肽发酵条件,使脂肽的产量有较大幅度的提高.     

纳豆芽孢杆菌固体发酵条件及其优化研究

为了优化纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵条件及确定适宜固态发酵培养基,以芽孢数为指标,采用固体发酵方法,研究了培养基组成、固液比、接种量、pH、培养基装量和发酵时间等发酵条件对芽孢数的影响,并通过响应面分析法确定了纳豆芽孢杆菌固态发酵的最佳发酵条件。结果表明：适宜的发酵条件为：麦麸58%、沸石粉34%、豆饼粉5.35%、葡萄糖2%、KH₂PO₄0.5%、MgSO₄?7H₂O0.15%、pH 7.56、固液比1:1.1、装量50.39g/250mL三角瓶、接种量4.16%、发酵时间4d。在此条件下,芽孢数达到6.48×10₁₀cfu/g。     

Nutritional components and antioxidant properties of seven kinds of cereals fermented by the basidiomycete Agaricus blazei

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) by basidiomycete Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) on the nutritional components and antioxidant properties of wheat, rice, oat, corn, millet, broomcorn millet and sorghum.The results showed that the contents of nutritional components in the fermented cereals varied with the fermentation time. After SSF of ABM, the enhancement rates of millet in total phenols, amino acid nitrogen and water-soluble protein content were the highest, which were respectively 4.03, 12.04 and 10.37 times higher than that of the control; the enhancement rates of wheat in total protein and reducing sugar content were the highest, which were 0.32 and 100.77 times higher than that of control. According to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, ferrous ion chelating ability and superoxide anion radical scavenging ability of ethanolic extracts from the fermented cereals, it was shown that the antioxidant properties of the cereals were significantly stronger than that of control after fermented by ABM. The improvement degrees of sorghum in DPPH radical scavenging capacity and superoxide anion radical scavenging ability were the highest, the improvement degrees of wheat in reducing power and ferrous ion chelating ability were the highest.     

固态发酵高温豆粕制备多肽饲料的最优发酵工艺条件研究

以高温豆粕为原料,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌固态发酵法制备多肽饲料的最优发酵工艺.首先对影响固态发酵多肽得率的培养基组成进行了研究,采用正交试验确定了最佳的固态发酵培养基为:豆麸比2∶1,加水量110%,加蜜量4%.然后对影响固态发酵中多肽得率的发酵工艺参数进行了研究,采用响应面分析法(RSA)确定最佳发酵工艺条件为:接种量1...